The World Economic Forum (2023) reports that the trade finance gap is now $1.7 trillion globally, with SMEs disproportionately affected by this shortfall. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in the economic development of the Caribbean region, generating approximately 40% of the region’s GDP and accounting for over 95% of its companies. Despite their prevalence, only about 13% of these SMEs engage in export activities (Coke-Hamilton, 2013). SMEs in the region face significant challenges, particularly in accessing trade finance, which hampers their growth and ability to engage in international trade. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (2024), approximately 40% of correspondent banks have withdrawn from the Caribbean over the past 15 years, which has decreased the access of the region to international finance and credit. It has also restricted cross-border payments which include remittances. Within this article, we will explore the characteristics and challenges of Caribbean SMEs, the role of commercial banks, and policy recommendations to enhance their access to trade finance.

Characteristics of Caribbean SMEs

Caribbean SMEs are typically small, labor-intensive, and often operate informally, focusing primarily on the domestic market, ranging from sole proprietorships to small partnerships. The low levels of exportation among the region’s SMEs can be attributed to various challenges they face. These include:

• Limited Access to Trade Finance: This is one of the primary barriers. Commercial banks in the region are often risk-averse and prefer to lend to larger, established businesses. SMEs struggle to meet the stringent collateral requirements and often lack the financial documentation and credit history that banks require.
• High-Interest Rates and Loan Conditions: Even when SMEs can access trade finance, they often face high-interest rates and unfavorable loan conditions. This discourages many small business owners from seeking formal financing and limits their ability to expand and innovate.
• Regulatory and Administrative Barriers: Complex and costly administrative procedures, high compliance costs, and restrictive lending regulations further hinder SMEs’ growth and ability to secure trade finance.

Role of Commercial Banks

Commercial banks are the primary source of credit in the Caribbean. To better support SMEs in trade finance, commercial banks can adopt several strategies:

• Tailored Financial Products: Banks can develop financial products tailored to the needs of SMEs, such as trade-specific credit lines and export financing
• Capacity Building: Banks can offer training and capacity-building programs for SME owners, helping them to improve their financial management skills and better prepare for loan applications.
• Partnerships with Government and Development Agencies: Collaborating with government agencies and international development organizations can help banks share the risk of lending to SMEs and provide additional support to small businesses.

Examples from Caribbean Countries

Trinidad and Tobago has several government-supported initiatives to enhance SME trade finance, including the Export-Import Bank of Trinidad and Tobago (EXIMBANK), which provides credit to businesses to facilitate and encourage their exports. Barbados features the Enterprise Growth Fund Ltd. (EGFL), which offers debt and equity financing to SMEs. Jamaica has established multiple avenues for SME trade financing, including the Jamaica National Small Business Limited (JNSBL), which offers loans to small entrepreneurs.

The Link between MoUs and SME Trade Support and Finance

The African Export-Import Bank and Caribbean Export Development Agency
The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Caribbean Export Development Agency and the African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) significantly bolsters support for SMEs in the Caribbean by enhancing access to trade finance. Through capacity building initiatives, both entities aim to improve the ability of Caribbean and African MSMEs to engage in cross-regional trade by sharing technical expertise and knowledge. Additionally, the MoU facilitates reciprocal investments and export of services by providing necessary guidance and advice to potential investors and exporters. For instance, Afreximbank’s recent $1.5 billion funding approval for CARICOM states illustrates how these financial instruments support various economic sectors, including SMEs.

Republic Bank and Caribbean Export Development Agency
The Caribbean Export Development Agency’s Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Republic Bank Limited significantly bolsters support for SME trade by creating a structured referral system to enhance business development, growth, and job creation in the region. This system facilitates SMEs’ access to a wide array of services offered by Caribbean Export, including highly sought-after programs like ProNET and Services Go Global, as well as specialized technical programs in areas such as intellectual property and energy management. Furthermore, the partnership includes free training programs with a focus on areas such as Export Marketing. This effectively connects SMEs to essential trade finance, reinforcing their ability to compete globally and contribute to the region’s economic transformation.

Initiatives of the Africa Export-Import Bank
Afreximbank supports intra- and extra-African trade through various initiatives. The bank collaborates with local banks to provide low-interest loans, equity capital, and guarantees. The bank also offers export finance programs with credit guarantees and insurance products to mitigate non-payment risks, conducts capacity-building programs for SME owners, and provides innovation and research grants to support technological advancements. These efforts help SMEs access resources, expand internationally, and strengthen economic ties between Africa and the Caribbean.

Policy Recommendations for the Caribbean Countries

• Government Guarantee Programs: Reduce lending risk by guaranteeing a portion of SME loans.
• Microfinance and Alternative Lending: Expand access to financing through microfinance, peer-to-peer lending, and crowdfunding.
• Reform Collateral Requirements: Recognize movable assets like inventory for loan collateral.
• Enhance Credit Information Systems: Improve credit information systems to better assess SME creditworthiness.
• Encourage Innovation and Technology Adoption: Offer incentives for SMEs to adopt new technologies and innovate.

Enhancing access to trade finance for Caribbean SMEs is crucial for their growth and the overall economic development of the region. By addressing the challenges faced by SMEs and implementing targeted policy measures, governments and financial institutions can create a more supportive environment for small businesses, fostering innovation, job creation, and economic resilience in the Caribbean.

References

Coke-Hamilton, P. (2013). The Role of SMEs in the Caribbean.

Effects of de-risking limit Caribbean’s access to finance. (2024, April 17). Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/n/effects-of-de-risking-limit-caribbeans-access-to-finance/

Investing in trade finance can be profitable and help SMEs thrive. (2022, June 2023). World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/06/investing-trade-finance-profitable-help-smes/

Logistics and transportation are fundamental to the Caribbean’s economic integration into global trade. They are essential for expanding market reach and reducing operational costs. The recent UNCTAD Global Supply Chain Forum in Barbados provided an opportunity to examine the challenges and opportunities within these sectors, which included a panel discussion, hosted by the Caribbean Export Development Agency, focusing on building resilient supply chains. Let’s delve into the key insights and takeaways from this event.

The Achilles Heel of Caribbean Logistics and the Transportation Sector

The Caribbean faces unique challenges in logistics and transportation, shaped by its geographic and economic conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic starkly exposed these vulnerabilities, highlighting the region’s heavy reliance on international trade and tourism. Moreover, the current global political landscape, with its geopolitical tensions and trade disputes, adds another layer of complexity to economic stability in the Caribbean.

Darwin Telemaque, CEO of the Antigua Port Authority, emphasized the urgent need to modernize port infrastructure. Inefficiencies such as outdated infrastructure, inadequate equipment, and bureaucratic hurdles significantly hamper the region’s logistics capabilities. Telemaque highlighted Barbados Port Inc.’s recent success in reducing costs by 17% through structural changes as a model for other ports. Modernizing these facilities is crucial for improving containerization and overall supply chain efficiency.

The Role of Technological Innovations and Strategic Investments

Strategic investments and technological innovations are essential for transforming the logistics and transportation sectors in the Caribbean. Embracing advanced shipping technologies and streamlining customs processes can significantly enhance infrastructural efficiency and sustainability. Telemaque’s call for modernizing port infrastructure underscores the importance of such investments. Implementing automated systems and upgrading port equipment can reduce operational costs and boost productivity, positioning the Caribbean to compete more effectively within the global market.

Michelle Belgrave, Customs and Trade Compliance Director for DHL Express Caribbean, highlighted the importance of comprehensive policy frameworks and stakeholder participation in facilitating smoother export processes. She emphasized the necessity for SMEs to understand the Harmonized System (HS) code for customs and compliance, which DHL assists with, ensuring seamless shipping. Programs like DHL’s SheTrades, aimed at helping women entrepreneurs in Barbados, are crucial for fostering technological adoption and innovation among SMEs.

The Vital Role of SMEs in the Caribbean Economy
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of the Caribbean economy, making up 99.5% of businesses in the region. Yet, only 10% of these SMEs export their products, which shows there’s plenty of room for growth. Belgrave emphasized the critical role of SMEs and the need for enhanced support to improve their export capabilities. Streamlined export processes, facilitated by comprehensive policy frameworks and technological assistance, can help SMEs overcome barriers to international trade.

Tamara Gibson, Managing Director of Native Caribbean Limited, shared her experience of growing her business by 247% despite the challenges posed by the pandemic. She highlighted the high costs of exporting, especially for small products where shipping costs often exceed product costs. Involving micro businesses in policy discussions and creating opportunities for bulk shipping are essential strategies for reducing costs and enhancing the global competitiveness of Caribbean SMEs. Nicholas Bynoe, Owner of Old Duppy Foods Inc, echoed the same sentiments as he highlighted the challenges of high shipping costs and maintaining consistent raw material supply, emphasizing the importance of building legitimacy for Caribbean brands in international markets.

What is the takeaway?

Building resilient supply chains is crucial for the Caribbean’s future prosperity. Addressing the challenges in our logistics and transportation sectors through technological innovations and strategic investments can boost economic growth and job security. The insights from the UNCTAD Global Supply Chain Forum provide a clear roadmap for developing a robust logistics framework that supports sustainable economic activities. By modernizing infrastructure and supporting SMEs, the Caribbean can better integrate into the global economy and achieve long-term economic stability